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Recorded: 23rd November 2021 Cloud computing has revolutionized the way IT Services are deployed and used, allowing major improvements in flexibility, availability, and simplification, whilst offering opportunities to speed up time to deploy new services and realise cost savings. The core technology behind Cloud based services is virtualization; could this be leveraged to provide the same benefits to the communications market? Many communications services are of course based on software applications, which do lend themselves to virtualization and thus cloud deployment. However, communications are also dependent on connectivity services – can virtualization of these services be modelled and managed in a...

Background 5G is set to change the picture significantly in terms of spectrum allocation and use, and in this article, we aim to provide more clarity in terms of the many issues related to the licensing, standardisation / harmonisation, and use of spectrum as we head towards the 5G era. Spectrum is highly sought after, primarily because it allows an operator to increase capacity on the network efficiently. The additional spectrum can be added to existing base stations which reduces the number of new base stations needed. This makes spectrum highly valuable, hence regulators will charge a fee for licensed...

In the original version of LTE (3GPP R8), a UE only communicated with a single eNB, by means of a single cell. LTE-A (R10) introduced CA (Carrier  ggregation), in which a UE supports a higher data rate by communicating with multiple cells on multiple carrier frequencies. All the cells are controlled by a single eNB. There is one PCell (Primary Cell), which carries traffic and RRC signalling messages, and optionally one or more SCells (Secondary Cells), which carry traffic alone. The PCell supports both UL and DL, but the SCells can be DL-only.DC (Dual Connectivity) was introduced in 3GPP R12. When using...

Webinar Recorded:  9th November 2021 FRMCS is the Future Railway Mobile Communications System and is an integral part of the digital railway. The term digital railway was coined when GSM-R was deployed on the European networks to provide train to trackside communications. GSM-R is a digital radio system that has been used successfully over the past 20 years - over 100,000 Km of lines have been covered with more to come in the coming years. However, GSM-R has a limited lifespan with equipment vendors stating that they no longer wish to support GSM-R beyond 2030. GSM-R, as well as providing...

Many of the benefits of 5G, such as low user plane latency, high data rate and support of high radio frequencies, can be achieved simply by transmitting data over the 5G New Radio. Furthermore, there are market pressures on network operators for an early roll-out of 5G networks in which those benefits are delivered to the user. To reflect these issues, 5G is designed to support an evolutionary roll-out in which operators can gradually introduce the capabilities of 5G into their networks, without the immediate need for wide-area 5G coverage. This is achieved using a number of different architectural options,...